International Governance The United Nations Essays

It is often argued that the single consistent, unifying factor of governance throughout the history of mankind has been war. In our contemporary society and nearly every civilization that has preceded it, warfare has pertained to governance as governance has pertained to warfare—whether as a diplomatic last resort, or as a means for implementing imperial, territorial expansion. Yet, when applied on the international level, the question arises: by what authority is the right to govern granted? If war is a means to this authority, is it through the blind, tumultuous, violent struggle for power, or is it grounded in a universal moral absolute? Put another way, do we assert that governance is determined by arbitrary might or by absolute right?†¦show more content†¦The Charter itself was created primarily from proposals determined by representatives from China, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. It was established largely in reaction to the failur e of preceding organizations such as the League of Nations to prevent war, in addition to the catastrophic destruction caused by WWI and WWII (UN, â€Å"History†). The Charter outlines four principle purposes for all members of the UN: â€Å"1) to maintain international peace and security; 2) to develop friendly relations among nations; 3) to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; 4) and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations† (UN, â€Å"Brief†). Today, the UN is composed of 192 countries , including the United States. All agree to adhere to the regulations of the Charter upon becoming member states. The structure of the UN as outlined by the Charter is complex, and for the sake of brevity I will only mention one internal component: the Security Council. According to the United Nations’ website, this group is responsible for implementing global peace, and consists of 15 members. Ten of these a re elected temporarily, and the other 5—China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Has Brought A Huge Change Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pageshas started to take a new form. The new concept of â€Å"global governance† has spread as global issues appear beyond nation-states. In this global governance, however, the question of â€Å"who governs†- who will be the principal actor that governs the new global system- can be very controversial. Especially, when international institutions and other organizations are thought to become more important leading actors in global governance than the nation-states used to be, the controversy can be intensified. SomeRead MoreThe World Of The Global Community1438 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, makes our world a much smaller, much more diverse place, the role of nation states is bring reduced. Global organisations are taking on a more expansive role in the governing of the wor ld. Organisations such as the United Nations, The World Bank, the World Health Organisation, the G8 and the G20 taking on important roles in regulating all facets of the policy around the world. Placing requirements on sovereign nations to achieve standards, in fields such as Economics, health, education, andRead MoreThe League Of Nations And The United Nations1178 Words   |  5 PagesLeague of Nations and the United Nations are two unique forms of international governance created by world powers out of the same necessity—needing a better format of managing global conflict. However, both international organizations were created, structured, and operated under very different circumstances. For instance, the League of Nations was created during towards the end of World War I, when nations were looking for a governing body to address future global conflicts. Similarly, the United NationsRead MorePolitical Governance in Rwanda904 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Governance in Rwanda I. Summary: Rawanda a country titled Genocide, massacre, poverty, discrimination, corruption, and violence. However, Rawanda have been receiving considerable amount of funds from international community despite being a dictatorship along with miserable human rights record and instability in region. Rwanda is facing one of the most serious problems with its political governance. Due to dictatorship there is little attention on vast majority and day by day people areRead MoreGlobal Governance Is A Set Of Coercive Norms, Principles, And Decisions1531 Words   |  7 Pages Global governance is a set of coercive norms, principles, rules and decisions-making procedures existing over and above the level of nations-states which have to comply with them. In the realm of international migration in which individuals opt voluntarily to cross countries boundaries in order to stay in the host state for a minimum of length of time, it appears that that the need of global governance has become unavoidable by the mid twentieth century. Effectively, states struggle to control internationalRead MoreThe Legitimacy And Global Governance1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe legitimacy and importance of institutions in global governance is a highly contested topic, among which many question the existence of international institutions. To suggest that institutions in global governance do not matter, is to suggest that the majority of countries have the willingness to co-operate, the ability to solve disputes and to organise themselves to ensure problems are dealt with effectivel y without the pressure of an outside body – which has been proven to be ineffective . ThisRead MoreThe State Based Westphalian System Of Governance1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmilitary, environmental, as well as social and cultural aspects of international relations and everyday life. These overlapping processes of globalization have allowed for a great deal of global progress, but progress is impossible to achieve without occasional setbacks. The problems we face today are rooted in the contradiction of solving global issues while relying on the state-based Westphalian system of governance. Governance â€Å"provide[s] a general way to formulate, implement, monitor and enforceRead MoreWhat Will It Take To Prevent A Security Decline In Mosul?1690 Words   |  7 PagesProviding security in the middle east has been a priority and also a challenge for the international community, especially within the last two decades. Through this time period the middle east as a region, despite its wealth of natural resources, has experienced severe conflict caused by corruption, religious tensions, and the disenfranchisement of local citizens just to highlight a few crucial issues. Because of these issues the Middle East has been a hotbed for instability. My article, â€Å"What WillRead MoreThe Idea Behind The United Nations1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Idea Behind The United Nations Is To Be Democratic In Solving World Political, Economic and Social Issues, But Is It Successful In This Effect? Stephen Goodspeed describes the organizational framework of the United Nations as â€Å"an association of states that through a multipartite treaty, the Charter, have elected to follow a certain course of action in given circumstances in order to accomplish specific aims and purposes.† It has the legal capacity whereby, it is able to act as a subjectRead MoreNorth Asian Country : A Centralized Country Ruled By Authoritarian Government1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Governances’ Transformation Despite the difference in the political system, both countries, initially, was a centralized country ruled by authoritarian government which had full control over the forest resources. Along with the unfair distributed benefit and economic development orientation, the forest resources become heavily abused by the governments and the local forest communities which drastically accelerate the rate of the deforestation (Resosudarmo and Yusuf 2006; Sunderlin and Huynh 2005)

Social Commentary On 13 Reasons Why - 1351 Words

Social Commentary on 13 Reasons Why In 2007, Jay Asher released the young adult novel 13 Reasons Why. It steadily gained popularity; it made the New York Times Bestseller List in 2011. In early 2017, Netflix took off with it and produced a 13-episode series. The story follows the suicide note (or rather, audio cassette tapes) left behind by high schooler Hannah Baker after she killed herself. Respected social figures and celebrities quoted the show and opened discussion about topics like depression, rape culture, bullying, and most obviously, suicide. On the thirteen tapes, Hannah walks the audience through the events and actions that led to her taking her own life, with each tape specifically about one of the thirteen people that she†¦show more content†¦But her relationship with them doesn’t seem to be one of mutual trust and communication. She explained that when their career lives got difficult and busy, her relationship with them dwindled. She said they talked to her, but not like before. They let their work take precedence over investing in their daughter, and beneath their disinterest and oblivion, she fell apart. She already accepted that they aren’t her best option to address her problems; her mom didn’t even notice her haircut, never mind her emotional deterioration. 13 Reasons Why exhibits uninvolved parenting and the way it can impact, or rather, not impact, teens’ lives. Additionally, Hannah only utilized the authorities in the school (to whom youth facing issues like hers are encouraged to come to) as a last resort, after she had already decided to take her own life. As previously mentioned, she went to talk to Mr. Porter, her guidance counselor at school, in search of one last glimmer of hope. She discussed with him the sexual assault she suffered, among other hardships, and her desire to end her life. His response painfully disappointed her. He essentially told her that getting over it may be her best option, and she left agitated. She hoped he would follow and not let her go, realizing she was serious about suicide, but he didn’t. Along the same lines asShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Mood : Pride And Prejudice 1686 Words   |  7 Pagesend. Jane: Elizabeth’s sister. Good conscience. Main thing Elizabeth cares about. Bingley: Starts everything that happens, since he brings Darcy into the picture and makes Jane fall for him. Issues: Social standards, marriage and love, and misconceptions Misconceptions (support and page #) Commentary Pg. 215 â€Å"He came to tell Mr. Gardiner that he had found out where your sister and Mr. Wickham were, and that he had seen and talked with them both; Wickham repeatedly, Lydia once. From what I can collectRead MoreThe Garden Of Earthly Delights By Hieronymus Bosch1210 Words   |  5 Pagescreated by the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch (who was known for his tenancy to create fantasy like figure painting of demons, machines and sometimes grotesque/frightening imagery). This oil painting is composed of three panels (triptych), measuring 13 feet by 7 feet when all the panels are open. When opening up Bosch’s triptych, the first panel reveals a colorful interior filled  with strange building, abnormal landforms, and many different types of crossbreed (alien like) creatures. In the frontRead More139840 Level 2 Unit Hsc 025 The Role Of The Health And Social Care Worker Exemplar Candidate Work4599 Words   |  18 PagesCARE HEALTH AND SOC TH AND SOCIAL CARE H SOCIAL CARE HEALTH A CARE HEALTH AND SOC AND SOCIAL CARE HEA RE QUALIFICATIONS HE ALTH AND SOCIAL CARE EXEMPLAR SOCIAL CARE HEALTH A CANDIDATE WORK CARE HEALTH AND SOC TH AND SOCIAL CARE H UNIT HSC 025 the role of the health and social care worker Unit HSC 025 2 Unit HSC 025 CONTENTS Introduction Page 4 Unit Purpose Page 5 Evidence for Learning Outcome 1 AC 1.1 Commentary for Evidence for AC 1.1 Read MoreDavid Slavitts Titanic analysis Essay616 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿A Look into David R. Slavitt’s â€Å"Titanic† The sinking of the Titanic was a tragedy that had an impact for the entire world. To this day, everyone is familiar with the event. It’s no wonder why mention of the ship would incite a certain dread in the hearts of those who lay their eyes on it. The title, â€Å"Titanic† (391), however, is a mere decoy. It’s a tool used to set up the ironic tone of the poem. This is made clear through the rather blunt first line, â€Å"Who does not love the Titanic?† The wordRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1701 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty, it is misleading in that it seems as if it is meant to be interpreted, which is one reason why it is constantly critiqued. Another reason it is hotly debated is due to its contextual inconsistency and the potential underlying meanings of those anomalies. The multiple possibilities it opens up to the reader can be interpreted in a variety ways and has been by many literary critics. By using the commentary made on the â€Å"evasion† by literary critics, and through examples drawn from the novel itselfRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthe â€Å"voice† of the person presenting the story is shown through the narration. 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We will concludeRead MoreEssay about The Positive Effects of Tumblr on Teen Culture1306 Words   |  6 PagesCulture Teenagers use social media for many different reasons. They use it to feel deemed worthy by their peers, to post personal opinions, and to share their daily life. They spend more time with their phones, laptops, iPads, etc. than they do with their family, friends, boyfriends and girlfriends. Tumblr is a popular blogging website/app that has gained popularity in the last few years. Tumblr has a positive effect on teen culture because unlike Facebook and other forms of social media, it promotesRead MoreAbortion and the Symbolic Interaction Paradigm1473 Words   |  6 Pagesmost prominent versions of the perspective (McClelland, 2000). Mooney, Knox, and Schacht explained Blumer’s theory of the symbolic interactionism perspective. According to Blumer, social problems develop in stages. The first stage is â€Å"social recognition†, when the social problem first happened. The second stage is â€Å"social legitimization†, when the problem is recognized by the community . When the community gets concerned and starts to develop a way to react is called the â€Å"mobilization for action†. â€Å"DevelopmentRead MoreUsing Social Media Sites ( Sms )1269 Words   |  6 PagesManagers looking at social media; some think it’s bad, but many think it’s great, and for good reason too. An article was once published in a Nursing Journal that described a nurse getting fired for posting the nurses feelings on Facebook. The post was about a dispute with a coworker over a patient’s care. The author who posted the article understood the high expectations expected of nurses, but felt the punishment was unfair because what the nurse did was not illegal and it was posted while the

Literature Coursework Essay Example For Students

Literature Coursework Essay Focusing on language, structure and character comment on how he manages it. In the play, An inspector calls by J. B. Priestley there are great similarities and differences in which both relate from the time the play was set, time it was written in and now, the time it is viewed in. The relations between all go from something as little to how things happened to things as big as war in the world and how ironic things are. Some of the issues that are going to be discussed are; Status that people have in there community and how important it is, the fact that war is still going on when at the time the play was set war would not have been thought to ever happen again, classes and how they play a big part in peoples lives and about the big things that happen in a certain era have huge effects on public moods and whether they relate in anyway to the other eras involved. The relations that are going to be looked at arent just what the years 1912, 1945and 2005 have in common but the comparisons that can be made about all too. John Boynton Priestley was born in 1894 and died in 1984. He had always had a passion for writing but never decided to take things further by going to University while he was young. It was after being at war that he went to Cambridge University and gained a degree. He started writing articles, essays and novels and his first play was written in 1932, thats 13 years before An inspector calls was written. Priestley had lived through two of the main wars in the world therefore he had great knowledge of the opinions that people had both before 1912 and after. He fought through the 1st one and escaped death numerous times but during the 2nd he broadcast his own radio station to the worried public. However it was cancelled early on because of his strong political views and certain people were not happy to hear his opinions on the government at the time and key issues he was concerned with. The issues he were concerned with are brought into the play in many ways; inequality in Britain, how people should stop thinking property and power and start thinking creation and community, respect for people no matter who they are or their background and the status that people had and what was thought of them. This statement made by Priestley sums up his beliefs in one, A man is a member of a community and the fact he is a member of a community immensely enlarges stature and increases his opportunities. But as well as being a member of a community a man is also a person, a unique individual and it is in fact the business of the community not simply to glorify but to produce better persons. To enrich its individual sphere. Its a very strong statement used to firmly show how he thinks. All of the above beliefs are clearly shown in the play and are greatly linked to each other. At first I personally thought that Priestly sounded to be a not so nice man but as I gathered more information I discovered he was a great man who had good strong beliefs and tried to make a difference as shown in the play. I was proved to be very wrong and have changed my opinion on how to portray Priestley. 1912 was a year that nobody would have liked to live in. It was full of war, put downs in society, strong distinction between upper and lower classes, a year in which no woman had a life of her own but one of what a man said, and the year that the impossible happened .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .postImageUrl , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:hover , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:visited , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:active { border:0!important; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:active , .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c18a8958dcba2ffc5075b4b47dcd14c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry and Schizophrenia Essayknown as the unsinkable which happened to sink. A quote taken from Stephen Daldry about this time was, Theres no society. These three simple words described it in one and were a good way of putting it. 1912 and 2005 dont have many similarities but do have a lot to compare. The things to compare are how class situation and the place of a woman in society have changed. Nowadays women have a big say in what happens as they have the vote and have good jobs but back in them days women were told what to do and had no say. This is reflected in the play as Arthur Burling mainly takes the lead and as his wife tries to get involved he takes over and in some way pushes her to the side. Clearly showing he is the one in charge and putting her in what he thinks is her place. He also does the same to his daughter as he doesnt want her involved with any of the business to do with the inspector, therefore when he finds out she is a big part of it gets a bit annoyed and some would say maybe jealous. These situations would rarely be found happening today as many women would stand up for themselves and not take any nonsense. Another thing that was thought to bring people happiness back then was wealth and fortune. Many people believed if you had these then you were set for a happy life and have no troubles. Arthur Burling and his family would have thought that too until the inspector turned up, and at that moment they would have maybe began to question whether it was right and whether money could bring you happiness. Today that thought is still around for some people but many do think happiness cannot be bought. In 1945 a lot of people were depressed after six years of war, two bombs were dropped on Japan killing many people and there was a lot of mixed emotion and controversy about what was to be done for the society next. However, a more positive result of war ending brought a result of class distinctions being greatly reduced, women having a more known position in society and being given more chances and value and also there was a great desire for social change with peoples status and a new government to be Labour to change all this. Every person was given new chances with no exception no matter their background War had broken boundaries and walls between classes down as said by Stephen Daldry. As this is the year that Priestley wrote An inspector calls he will have had all these things in mind and a lot more. His ideas will have reflected the public moods and after yet another war his feelings from the 1st war will have come back having a great influence on what he was to write about i. e. An inspector calls being written at that time but yet being set in 1912.

Many times the issue concerning mercy Essay Example

Many times the issue concerning mercy Essay Many times the issue concerning mercy killing is brought up within the Christian church. This is often a hard topic to be decisive on. This act of mercy killing is often referred to as Euthanasia. Throughout my project I have brought arguments for and against Euthanasia. Also I have inputted some of my own personal opinions. In addition to that I have personal opinions from other people. Furthermore anecdotal evidence has been given within this project.Several points have been made concerning this issue and all have been based from a Christian perspective. There are several bible texts to justify my point or opinion. As the debate about euthanasia appears all the time, even when it is not publicised, I took the decided to write my contemporary issue project on euthanasia. As an issue euthanasia insists not to die. The term Euthanasia, is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary bringing about of this, especially in the case of incurable and painful disease, comes from the Greek word euthanatos meaning a gentle and easy death. Initially euthanasia was called mercy killing which means the act of purposely making or helping someone die, instead of allowing the person to die naturally. There are different names given to different methods of euthanasia.Euthanasia can be passive, voluntary or positive. Passive euthanasia is where nothing is done to prevent death, allowing the person to die, which could have been delayed. Voluntary euthanasia is where a request is asked either by the patient of the legal representative. Positive euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a persons death.There is debate as to whether there is really any difference between positive and passive euthanasia. When there is a removal of life-supports, or passive euthanasia, is to be seen as a contrast from active euthanasia, which is defined as doing something to terminate life. On the other hand, for many ethicists, passive euthanasia has become a weasel term which is seen only to deny responsibility and perhaps to clear the medical staff and the doctor from any accusations of having done something to cause the patients death.The debate about euthanasia props up all the time, even when it is not announced, it is still happening secretly all the time. I am going to look at the medical, religious, financial, social, political views to euthanasia.Euthanasia, at the moment is illegal throughout the world apart from in the State of Oregon in USA, where there is a law specifically allowing doctors to prescribe lethal drugs for the purpose of euthanasia. In the Netherlands it is practised widely, although, in fact, it remains illegal.History of EuthanasiaThis following extract was taken from Encarta encyclopaedia:Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally in various forms in many societies. In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in some situations to help others die. For example, the Greek writer Plutarch mentioned that in Sparta infanticide wa s practised on children who lacked health and vigour. Both Socrates and Plato sanctioned forms of euthanasia in certain cases. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies.With the rise of organized religion, euthanasia became morally and ethically abhorrent. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all hold human life sacred and condemn euthanasia in any form.Following traditional religious principles, Western laws have generally considered the act of helping someone to die a form of homicide subject to legal sanctions. Even a passive withholding of help to prevent death has frequently been severely punished. Euthanasia, however, is thought to occur secretly in all societies, including those in which it is held to be immoral and illegal.This was the information I researched on Euthanasias History.Should it be it accepted Within Our Society? Then be legalised.The social aspect to euthanasia I feel is the most common aspect to this issue. Commonly euthanasia within a society is portrayed as okay and the right thing to do. But there are people who have their own opinion and view on this subject. I came across certain circumstances that society thought it would be right to perform euthanasia and they were:People who are elderly and suffering from the effects of ageing; they may feel that they have become a burden to their families or to society in terms of commitment, time and energy.A person paralysed after an accident and confined to a wheel-chair or bed (such a condition is known as quadriplegia and people in that condition are called quadriplegic) may consider that, their quality of life has been reduced and they may not want to continue living.Anybody whos had a family member with cancer or any other long-term disease knows that it is a real challenge to the mind as well as the body. Nowadays people begin to say, Thats enough instead of thinking, how can we cut off the treatment, relieve more of the pain or bring in some s ocial services? People have gone to what seems easiest option euthanasia. The improvement of technologies to prolong life of people to control dying can cause more and agonising pain. Over many years the public opinion has gradually moved to accepting the right of terminally ill persons to get assisted when it comes to death. Society has accepted the euthanasia as the right thing to do. Many people foresee it as the easy way out and feel that no pain will be endured this way. But on the other hand there have been cases were people have been diagnosed as terminally ill and make a miraculous recovery.Numerous cases have been brought to the worlds attention of certain situations where terminally ill patients ask their own friend or relative to assist them in dying. I have never been in that situation but I know that I would never kill a friend of mine, I wouldnt want to be left with the thought What if they could have recovered? and my conscience couldnt take it. But on the other hand people have been in the situation and felt that was the right thing to do. They feel sorry for their friend or relative and couldnt bear to see them in a sick bed for their duration of life left.Euthanasia has become so accepted within society to the point where people are physically doing it their selves instead of a going through a medical procedure. All are emotionally laden questions. Discussions about euthanasia often get end up in a lot of emotional allegations, such as charges that most vulnerable humans are pressured by people who practices euthanasia and that families must fight anti-life assaults on their loved ones which threaten the lives of those who are medically vulnerable.The main groups that argue the case against euthanasia are* The religious groups.* Groups who are supporting disabled people, and will dread that euthanasia is the first action towards a society that will kill disabled people against their will.* Medical associations whose members are dedicated to s aving and extending life, and feel uncomfortable helping people end their livesWithin society a lot of people assume that if voluntary euthanasia were to be legalised, society would soon allow involuntary euthanasia. If we changed the law to allow a person to help someone die, suppose this became true then the idea that society has is that, we would not be able to control it. People may feel to take it under there self to perform they think is euthanasia and may be even being suicide and euthanasia used as an excuse for death. Which will result in the death rate increasing dramatically within the community.The organisations that support the legalisation of voluntary euthanasia were set up in Britain in 1935 and in the United States in 1938. Throughout their battle for legalisation they have accumulated some public support, but have so far been unable to achieve their goal in Britain or the United States. Throughout the past few decades, Western laws that are against passive and volu ntary euthanasia have gradually been eased, although serious moral and legal questions still exist.Euthanasia is not legal within the UK, but many people want that to be modified so that it is legalised. There is a campaign united with many people who call themselves The Voluntary Euthanasia Society (EXIT) who believes that many people would be grateful of the mercy of a painless death. Nevertheless, if euthanasia were to be legalised within our society then that may result in the death rates dramatically increasing, as already mentioned and also the elderly may feel under pressure to end their life, even if they dont want to. The severe concern about the issue of legalising euthanasia is the right to die may become a duty to die. There is a fear of elderly patients being pressured by friends, family, the government or social workers to choose euthanasia, yet that choice may not agreement with their personal values. My way of seeing this situation is that it will get to the point wh ere, those people the terminally ill patient would usually look for to for would turn on them to a certain extent. The people they seek for support and strength, will then become a foe looking, waiting for the person to die for the sake of money, inheritance, weariness, or other reasons, to terminate the life of the person.Within society we will always find selfish relatives who would rather have a terminally ill relative die sooner than later. If that were the case the law states, people like this will have to convince physicians and perhaps also hospital personnel that the patients life should not be ended because of greed or some other malicious reason, but rather because of the excruciating pain from the disease. To seek to pressure the terminally ill elder to ask for assistance in dying would be to aid and abet a suicide, which is punishable by law and which will remain a crime even after euthanasia laws are passed.In conclusion, euthanasia is within society is a questioned if its a alternative or easy way out. Some people may argue its a of choice empowering people to have control over their own bodies. The only legally right alternative to euthanasia is to remain alive, sometimes in excessive pain, until their body finally collapses. Otherwise if u live in Colombia, Japan, the Netherlands or the state of Oregon euthanasia can be performed legally.Christians AspectThere are three main arguments offered by Christians, and those of other faiths, that advise against an individual seeking euthanasia, for whatever reason.Life is a gift from God, and that each individual [is] its steward. Thus, only God can start a life, and only God should be allowed to end one. An individual who commits suicide is committing sin.Your Body is a Temple of the Holy Spirit Life is seen as a sacred gift and we dont have the right when to decide when to end it.God does not send us any experience that we cannot handle. God supports people in suffering. To actively seek an end to on es life would represent a lack of trust in Gods promise.These points above made above are the main concepts to the Christians argument arguing against euthanasia.Modern medicine has been accused of playing God by keeping alive those who would, without technological support, die. It is at this point that sanctity of life doctrine clashes with quality of life experiences. Arguments claiming theological merit in suffering may encourage some to choose not to accept euthanasia, but the theology of one group cannot be sanctioned as acceptable for all.Majority of religions object against the act of Euthanasia, Christianity is one in many that disapproves it according to the belief human beings have a special place in Gods heart, eyes and in his creation.For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mothers womb Psalm 139:13Christianity does offer an alternative to euthanasia, which is the Hospice movement. The good-hearted care hospice offers to give to the patients tender lo ving care. The three aims of hospices are:* To relieve pain.* To enable patients and families to face up to death.* To care for emotional needs of the relatives.A hospice offers care to the patients and their families at the most difficult stages in their lives. The hospice helps issue such as emotional pressure, physical issues, psychological concerns, and their spiritual lives. This help is given to the family of the terminally ill person and the person who is also ill. The hospice helps the family and friends accept the fact that their loved one has a disease that cannot be overcome. Furthermore the fact that the life of the patient will probably end within a short period of time, however the hospice provides a care for the patient and supportive care for the family. Within the hospice there is no attempt made to prolong life and no medications are provided to fight the disease. Pain control and patient comfort are primary. Hospices are in operation through a 24-hour period seven days a week. Although not all the hospices have the same quality of care and it may vary, but nevertheless the outcome is the enhancement of the significance of the life of the terminally ill elder and the easing of stress among care-givers that also helps the dying patient. A primary responsibility is to honour God while we live. Contemporary arguments for the right to assistance to commit suicide are based on ideas of each individuals autonomy over his or her life. Christians cannot claim such an independence Christians acknowledge that they belong to God. Therefore, a decision for someone to take their own life is to be in denial that one belongs to God.In addition to the point just raised is that God does not abandon people in times of suffering. Christians show their faith in Gods love by trusting in Gods concerns for them. A decision to end their life would appear to be a cessation of that trust. The pain of the ill patient may seem unbearable, life might seem no longer worth living and the suffering may appear beyond unbearable. But suffering calls upon people to trust God even in the valley of the shadow of death. This pain and torment calls on people to let God, and not suffering, take their own life to result in their death.One of the most common excuses offered for physician-assisted suicide is the stated desire that I never want to become a burden to my family. Yet, the care given to the sick by those who love them that makes suffering possible to tolerate. A persons willingness to endure his or her suffering is an expression of their trust in God. It is also an expression of trust that those who love them will care for them even in difficult times. Christians usually have a willingness to go on even in the midst of suffering that is if their faith in God is resolute.There isnt a Christian reply that will speak for everyone but concerning whether people should be allowed to take their own lives. However, many Christians would use these three moral s to this issue:* Human life is a gift from God; it is sacred and has dignity.* Death is an event in life, not necessarily the end of life.* God does not present to us any situation that we cannot handle. God supports people in suffering. To actively seek an end to ones life would represent a lack of trust in Gods promise.Christians believe that the human body is intended to house the spirit. Most Christian churches believe that to abuse the body and the mind is destructive and goes against Gods purpose for his children.The Bible says that we were created in the image of God and given the gift of life, many Christians believe that we do not have the right to interfere with when life ends, or to prevent the beginning of a new life.Exodus 20:13You shall not murderThe scripture of 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 says:Dont you know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit, who lives in you and was given to you by God? You do not belong to yourself, for God bought you with a high price. So you must honour God with your body.If you live in a building that was owned by someone else, you try to live by the owners rules, right? Christians believe that our body belongs to God, so you should do as He asks and thats not to kill anyone including ourselves. The passage above shows that God lives within every single one of us. Christians understand life as a scared gift, and so many Christians see euthanasia as wrong.Roman Catholics are the most strongly opposed to euthanasia. They believe that anything which intentionally causes death is a grave violation of the law of God.But on the other hand people may argue:* At times a terminal illness is so painful that it causes life to be an unbearable burden; death can represent a relief of intolerable pain.* Each person has freedom over his or her own life. Persons whose quality of life is non-existent should have the right to decide to commit suicide, and to seek assistance if necessary.According to Christian teaching, suffering esp ecially suffering during the last moments of life, has a special place in Gods saving plan it is in truth a sharing in Christs passion and a union with the redeeming sacrifice which He offered in obedience to the Fathers will. Therefore a non-Christian must not be surprised if some Christians prefer to cut down on their use of painkillers, in order to accept voluntarily at least a part of their sufferings and thus associate themselves in a conscious way with the sufferings of Christ crucified (Mt. 27:32). Christian morals do suggest for the majority of sick people to use medicines capable of relieving or suppressing pain, even though these may cause secondary effect semi-consciousness and reduced lucidity.A question that appears between politics often is whether individuals should be allowed to choose suicide, or whether they should be forced to follow the theological beliefs of the dominant religion.Life is a gift of God, and on the other hand death is inevitable, therefore, withou t in any way hurrying the time of our death, we should be able to accept it with full responsibility and dignity. It is true that death marks the end of our earthly existence, but at the same time it opens the door to immortal life. So everyone must prepare themselves for this event in the light of human values, and Christians even more so in the light of faith.What Should Doctors Do?Doctors face the hardest challenge on whether to accept the patients wishes to stop the use of life support machinery. Again the medical profession has been caught in between the of the government and religious groups against society. Government and religious groups as well as the medical profession come to an agreement that doctors are not binding to use extraordinary means to lengthen the life of a terminally ill person. What empowers extraordinary means is often left to the patients family to decide on what to do.As medical expertise and technology continue to spread throughout the world, moral, ethi cal, social, and legal health issues arise, each related, in one way or another, to the prolongation of life and to the ways in which many individuals, particularly the elderly, end their lives. Today, life can be held uncertainly by the use of machinery. Modern technological has advanced and things such as the use of respirators and artificial kidney machines, have made it achievable to keep people alive for long periods of time even when they are permanently brain damaged or unconscious. People, who believe in euthanasia, assume that prolonging life using a machine may cause great suffering to the patient and family. Furthermore, certain life-support systems are so expensive that the financial implications have to be considered.There are some cases, which occur when patients who have suffered severe brain damage and have entered a state of persistent vegetative, in which they are not unaware of their surroundings and are kept alive for years. The attempt made to prolong life has p roduced instances where terminally ill patients suffer horrific deaths despite efforts to control pain.People who are against the doctor-assisted death argue that, if doctors are given the right to assist in the ending of their patients lives, patients may end up not trusting their own doctors. They say that legalisation of doctor-assisted death would destroy the relationship between the physician and patient. I totally agree with that point and the euthanasia may be used as a shield to murder people in the future. Instead of the doctor being seen as a person fighting against diseases and saving lives. They will no longer be viewed as one dedicated to the fighting of disease and the preserving of life. By allowing doctors to perform euthanasia the doctor will have a second role as the one who causes death, which would cover up the doctors original role. Euthanasia must be decided on a patient choice and has to be reviewed by the doctor. They will only be permitted to become involved if invited to do so by the patient. If a doctor were to recommend euthanasia it could turn into a violation of physician responsibility which could result in suspension.Some opponents of euthanasia argue that the increasing success that doctors have had in transplanting human organs might lead to abuse of the practice of euthanasia. That is, they fear that doctors may violate the rights of the dying donor in order to help preserve the life of an organ recipient. This is one area where proper legal safeguards are clearly required.I have discovered that many doctors on their graduation take a Hippocratic oath that prescribes beneficence and specifically outlaws medically assisted death. It something along the lines of to please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause his death.Some people against euthanasia argue that the increasing success that doctors have had in the past about organ transplants might lead to abuse of the practice of euthanasia. They fear that doctors may bend the rules a little and the rights of the dying donor in order to help preserve the life of an organ recipient. This is one aspect where the restrictions and the law are enforced to the fullest. In this modern day patients in many countries are now entitled to decide on whether they want passive euthanasia; that is, to make free and informed choices to refuse life support. With regard to active euthanasia, in the Netherlands, long known for one of the most liberal euthanasia policies. . It has resulted in a greater emphasis on the patients responsibility, when the patients themselves carry out the final act, often by taking an overdose of drugs that have been prescribed by a doctor, in what is termed medically assisted suicide. This is aimed at relieving in part the emotional stress and moral burden experienced by doctors who assist in such cases.In conclusion, for those who work in the medical profession, they should neglect no means of making all their sk ill available to the sick and dying. But they should also remember how much more essential it is to assist them with the comfort of unlimited compassion and heartfelt charity. Such service to people is also service to Christ the Lord, who said: As you did it to one of the least of these my brethren, you did it to me (Mt. 25:40).ConclusionWhat concerns us in this issue is the freedom and empowering of an individual, most commonly the terminally ill patients, so that, in accordance with their beliefs, their values, their associations, and their commitments, they may feel free to choose the way they will die. Their choice must be an revised ad thought over thoroughly which rests on the physician sharing all aspects of the development of their illness or disease, the presentation of all alternative approaches to the termination of life, and the patients right to choose the way in which they will die.It is quite clear as life goes on the world will accumulate more terminally ill patients and the issue of euthanasia will become more of a concern. My suggestion and conclusion is that allow God, to take over the situation. If a certain person doesnt believe in God then, try to fight the disease with whatever God they worship or follow. Euthanasia shouldnt be accepted in my opinion and I see it as a easy way out of life.

Nursing Professional Portfolio Example

Nursing Professional Portfolio Example Nursing Professional Portfolio – Coursework Example Nursing Professional Portfolio Nursing Professional Portfolio Knowledge in genetics is important to a nurse since genetics throughits central role in revealing the basics of health and illnesses, risks of each disease, as well as how the body responds to treatment. Putting this into consideration, therefore, one would note that genetics and nursing share a common objective of health promotion and disease intervention (Lewis, 2012). Knowledge in genetics is equally important when in diagnosis through analysis of patients’ family histories. Using this knowledge, nurses are able to identify patients from families with high risk of developing genetically influenced conditions. Knowledge in genomics is also important to a nurse as it provides background information on the possible causes of the most complex human disorders. Genomics as an emerging field in genetics provides critical knowledge to nurses on the developments in this field and on effects of the developments on health s ervices administered to patients. It could for example inform decision on prevention and management of genetic disorders. Knowledge in genethics is equally important to a nurse considering that genetics remains a sensitive field with several ethical issues. To a nurse, knowledge in genethics helps in making decisions on paternalism and distributive justice (Lewis, 2012). Since not all patients agree with some genetic practices, it is important that a nurse gets equipped with knowledge on how to manage ethical issues arising from genetics. Conclusively, one would note that unlike in the past, there is a growing need for nurses to gain knowledge in genetics, genomics, and genethics due to the changing roles of nurses. ReferencesLewis, R. (2012). Human genetics: concepts and applications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Co.

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction Habitat loss refers to the disappearance of natural environments that are home to particular plants and animals. There are three major types of habitat loss: habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and habitat fragmentation. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. It often results in the extinction of species and, as a result, the loss of biodiversity. Habitat can be destroyed directly by many human activities, most of which involve the clearing of land for uses such as agriculture, mining, logging, hydroelectric dams, and urbanization. Although much habitat destruction can be attributed to human activity, it is not an exclusively man-made phenomenon. Habitat loss also occurs as a result of natural events such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate fluctuations. Although habitat destruction primarily causes species extinctions, it can also open up new habitat that might provide an environment in which new species can evolve, thus demonstrating the resiliency of life on Earth. Sadly, humans are destroying natural habitats at a rate and on spatial scales that exceed what most species and communities can cope with. Habitat Degradation Habitat degradation is another consequence of human development. It is caused  indirectly by human activities such as pollution, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species, all of which reduce the quality of the environment, making it difficult for native plants and animals to thrive. Habitat degradation is fueled by a fast-growing human population. As the population increases, humans use more land for agriculture and for the development of cities and towns spread out over ever-widening areas. The effects of habitat degradation not only affect native species and communities but human populations as well. Degraded lands are frequently lost to erosion, desertification, and nutrient depletion. Habitat Fragmentation Human development also leads to habitat fragmentation, as wild areas are carved up and split into smaller pieces. Fragmentation reduces animal ranges and restricts movement, placing animals in these areas at higher risk of extinction. Breaking up habitat can also separate animal populations, reducing genetic diversity. Conservationists often seek to protect habitat in order to save individual animal species. For example, the Biodiversity Hotspot program organized by Conservation International protects fragile habitats around the world. The groups aim is to protect biodiversity hotspots that contain high concentrations of threatened species, such as Madagascar and the Guinean Forests of West Africa. These areas are home to a unique array of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Conservation International believes that saving these hotspots is key to protecting the planets biodiversity. Habitat destruction is not the only threat facing wildlife, but it is quite likely the greatest. Today, it is taking place at such a rate that species are beginning to disappear in extraordinary numbers. Scientists warn  that the planet is experiencing a sixth mass extinction that will have serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. If the loss of natural habitat around the globe does not slow, more extinctions are sure to follow.

Complications of pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Complications of pregnancy - Essay Example Delayed menstruation for 1-2 weeks followed by spotting or bleeding is a typical sign of ectopic pregnancy. Gastrointestinal problems may also occur along with lightheadedness and dizziness. Yet if tubal pregnancy remains undetected for 4-6 weeks after conception, the fallopian tube becomes more distended and can rupture leading to symptoms like excruciating abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and faintness. In some cases, the patient may go into shock or rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, restlessness, sweating may lead to hemorrhage (Smeltzer, 2009). Adnexal mass might be found upon pelvic examination along with tenderness (Doherty, 2010). Complications/risks: Failure to diagnose ectopic pregnancy especially in patients with few symptoms can increase the risk of internal bleeding which can result in hemorrhage or shock. Management: Treatment choices include surgical intervention either laparotomy or laparoscopy and medication. Surgical management may be salpingectomy (removing the concerned fallopian tube) or salpingostomy (preserving the affected tube) depending on patient’s wish. However, salpingostomy increases the risk of persistent trophoblast and ectopic pregnancy whereas salpingectomy avoids these risks but only one tube remains with reproductive ability. Non-surgical medication treatment includes the use of anti-cancer drug methotrexate (Tembhare, 2010) which can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly (Wolfson, 2009). Delivery before 37th week of pregnancy is classified as pre-term labor (WHO, 1994). Clinical presentations: Clinical signs of preterm labor include uterine contractions, menstrual like cramps, diarrhea, back-ache, pelvic pressure, increased vaginal discharge(Littleton, Engebretson, 2002)vaginal bleeding, ruptured membranes, initial cervical dilation greater than 3 cm and contraction frequency of 4 per hour or more (Creasy, Resnik and lams, 2004). Complications/risks: Risk factors to the mother are largely associated with tocolytic agents used in treatment. Respiratory depression/arrest, pulmonary edema, hypotension and cardiac arrest are complications associated with administration of magnesium; similarly, terbutaline may induce hyperglycemia, hypokalemia and myocardial ischemia. Other drugs (nifedipine and indomethacin) may produce side effects like gastrointestinal problems, renal failure and hepatitis (Littleton, Engebretson, 2002). Neonatal may suffer from renal dysfunctions, nec rotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, intracranial hemorrhage preterm deliveries. Management: Obstetric practices for averting preterm labor include bed rest, home uterine activity monitoring, sedation and hydration, however, little evidence is present about success rates of these methods (Goldenberg, 2002). Tocolytic therapy is used for the hindering uterine contractions which include calcium channel blockers (nicardipine, nifedipine), magnesium, ?-mimetics (terbutaline, fenoterol etc.), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin) and ethanol. Evidence suggests that tocolytic therapy is significant in preventing preterm labor (Berkman et al., 2003 ). In addition, cervical cerclage is employed where cervical incompetence is found, in which a suture (rescue cerclage) is placed to prevent further dilations. Management of preterm labor includes avoiding neonatal complications through use of corticosteroids and antibiotics to prevent traumatic delivery and streptoc occal neonatal sepsis (Goldenberg, 2002) Pre-eclampsia is a condition in which pregnant patient experiences a triad of

Self and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self and Society - Essay Example Each "healthy" society needs people capable of looking forward into the future and capable of showing us the path that leads outside the polluted atmosphere of intrigues of the group of the "little" people we all belong to. Namely, people who serve the truth and not the group or the public opinion are predecessors of the society who warn us of the dangers on our way to freedom. While the group is characterized with sluggishness and inertia, the individual is capable of rapid changes of his/her opinion towards the light that glows over the new facts and warns of new danger. However, those who serve the truth only, are rare and few. Many philosophers and famous writers have tried to find answers to these and similar questions concerning the individual versus society. Camus, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, Thoreau and Emerson are only a few of those who have tried to criticize the society they have lived in, to cynically laugh at and mock their own time, to warn of the dangers of the moral and ethical erosion they have been witnesses of. Knowing the characteristics of existentialism to which Camus belongs, it is understandable why in his short novel "The Stranger" Albert Camus criticizes the judicial system and depicts the irony of a case when a man is condemned for his indifference and avoidance of societal code. Mersault, the protagonist, is condemned not only by the judge but the spectators in the courtroom as well for something else, that is, his lack of emotional response at his mother's funeral, etc., other than the crime he committed (killing the Arab) and the sentence is for him to be decapitated in the name of many people whom he has never known or whom he will never meet. Mersault is forced to be the outsider when he wants to speak on his behalf. Mersault's story is the story of everyman. To Mersault (i.e. to Camus) life's only meaning is seen from the death point of view. According to Camus, people strive to make their lives meaningful in the face of God but it is absurd, because hope and faith are only p ointless measures constructed by each individual to provide purpose and avoid responsibility. Yet, Mersault is not a person who avoids responsibility for his deeds. On the contrary, he accepts responsibility for what he has done, changes into a person readers would like him to be, i.e. he shows that he is fully capable of feeling, he has emotions, he comes to terms with death, and gives a clear picture of what others are like - people hiding their true selves behind the veal of moral and societal code, when in fact they are nothing else but people full of hatred. "With death so near, Mother must have felt like someone on the brink of freedom, ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that I'd been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration" (Camus, "The Stranger", p.76). Does not hatred equal less than zero "Someone must have been telling lies about

Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents Essay Example for Free

Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents Essay Childhood obesity has become a recurring theme in the news today. A variety of issues has been discussed regarding the cause of this popular issue. Emphasis is placed on parents, culture, school meals, and a number of other factors leading to obesity. Children and adolescents are not blind to the attention placed on obesity among them and their peers. If the thin bodies of magazines, TV and media weren’t enough, children now have to face the harsh realities of statistics that are constantly broadcasted in the news. This being the case, many children and adolescents have developed unhealthy means to either get thin or stay thin. Many struggle with eating disorders. Eating disorders involve a variety of descriptions of unhealthy patterns of eating. All of them involve some abnormal pattern of eating, including not eating. No matter the type or term given the disorder, they represent a serious situation and are a mental health concern. Two of the more well-known types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Both are common among youth. Anorexia Nervosa Description Sometimes just being ‘normal’ in size is not what an individual sees as normal in himself. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which being thin is not the only issue. It is characterized by starving oneself. Signs include a body weight of less than eighty-five percent the normal body weight for that specific height and age; 3 consecutive absences of a menstrual cycle; and an abnormally strong fear of gaining weight (e.g., â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 12). A more common outward sign of anorexia is the intense fear of gaining weight. The youth may repeatedly express verbally his desire to be thin, his belief that he is fat or overweight, and a generally twisted view of own size or weight. All of this is typically coupled with an already thin body size. Use of laxatives in addition to severely limiting food intake is commonly seen. Anorexia Nervosa Cause The cause of anorexia is not one specific factor. It is widely agreed that many issues combine to lead to its development. These include social, cultural, psychological, and biological concerns. The role of neurotransmitters in anorexia is researched today. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter â€Å"known to affect appetite control, sexual and social behavior, stress responses, and mood† and â€Å"modulates feeding by producing the sensation of fullness or satiety† (Rome, 2003, p.100). A decrease in this neurotransmitter can be indicative of anorexia. There are also some indications of genetic factors involved in causing anorexia. Having a family member who suffers or has suffered from anorexia can predispose a child to development. â€Å"There are now multiple case-control studies designed to investigate the familiality of eating disorders, which demonstrate a higher rate of Anorexia nervosa in relatives of probands with anorexia nervosa† (Rome, 2003, p 101). Bulimia Description Another eating disorder common among children and adolescents is bulimia. Bulimia can actually be a subtype of anorexia. It is characterized by bingeing on food then purging the food via induced vomiting. The bingeing is considered uncontrolled and the person typically ingests much larger than normal amounts of food, sometimes secretively. Then, within an hour or two of eating, the person purges the food. This is usually done by self-induced vomiting; however, the vomiting is typically seen with misuse of laxatives, urine-producing medications, and enemas. All of these enable the individual to purge herself of the recently ingested large quantities of food. These binges occur â€Å"at least twice a week for three months or may occur as often as several times a day† (e.g., â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 23). As a subtype of anorexia, the bulimic person is abnormally underweight. Being underweight, however, is not a prerequisite of the bulimic diagnosis. In fact, the average bulimic is of normal weight, but sees self as being overweight. Other common attitudes associated with bulimia include extreme exercise, secretive or abnormal eating habits or rituals, and irregular or absent menstrual cycles. Both bulimia and anorexia are commonly seen in individuals already suffering from anxiety and/or depression (e.g. â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 29). Bulimia Cause As with Anorexia nervosa, a specific cause for bulimia is not known. Several factors, however, are thought to increase the likelihood of this disorder; many of these are similar to those of anorexia nervosa. Cultural and social influences on appearance and size, family problems, and mood disorders all have an effect on the development of bulimia. Gender plays a large role as well. The majority of youth suffering from both bulimia and anorexia nervosa, although more so with bulimia, are females (Fisher, 1995, p. 431). The same case study cited in the familial causes of anorexia nervosa indicates that having a family member who has previously been diagnosed with bulimia can also predispose an individual to the same behavior. Treatment Although Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia are two separate identifiable diagnoses, the treatments of these physical and mental disorders are similar. Physicians first analyze the individual’s specific overall health and possible contributing factors. The primary care doctor is the necessary authority to either treat or recommend for treatment. Possible physical effects such as malnutrition and dental issues are treated as needed. The mental and psychological treatment varies according to the child’s specific needs. Individual and family therapy, behavior modification, and cognitive therapy can all be used. Focus primarily tends toward the development of adequate coping skills, positive body image, and positive self-talk. Frequently, mood stabilizers are prescribed in conjunction with one-on-one therapy (Rome, 2003, p. 104). The family plays a key role in treating children and adolescents most significantly by the fact that parents and adult figures in the child’s life control and direct the routine of said child. In cases of severely physically compromised children, monitoring of vital signs, nutrition, and electrolyte balance by trained healthcare professionals may be necessary (Fischer, 1995, p. 435). Conclusion Eating disorders are spread across both adults and youth. As increasing attention is given the issue of childhood obesity—and as the media continues to push the preference for abnormally thin figures in beauty—the youth will suffer. They seek unhealthy means to be what culture, family, and society says is normal, accepted. Bulimia and anorexia nervosa are the result of these issues and remain common eating disorders among children and adolescents. These disorders, however, can be diagnosed and treated. Most important to the treatment of any disorder affecting children and adolescents is the role of parents or guardians. References Eating disorders in children and adolescents (n.d.) In Eating Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.lpch.org/diseasehealthinfo/healthlibrary/growth/eatdis.html. Ellen S. Rome, MD, Seth Ammerman, MD, et al. Children and adolescents with eating disorders: the state of the art. Pediatrics. 2003; 111: 98-108. Fisher M. Golden NH, Katzman DK, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: a background paper. Adolescent Health. 1995; 16: 420-437.

The Life and Times of Claude McKay Essay -- essays research papers

The life and Writings of Claude McKay Introduction Every literary period can be defined by a group of writers. For the Harlem Renaissance, which was an extraordinary eruption of creativity among Black Americans in all fields of art, Claude McKay was the leader. Claude McKay was a major asset to the Harlem Renaissance with his contributions of such great pieces of writings such as â€Å"If We Must Die† and â€Å"The Lynching.† McKay wrote in many different styles. His work which vary from â€Å"dialect verse celebrating peasant life in Jamaica, to militant poems challenging white authority in the United States, to philosophically ambitious novels about the effort of blacks to cope in western society† (â€Å"Claude McKay† 1375) displays the depth of this great writer. The main ideals of this poet were to raise social issues and to inspire his people. McKay used his writing as an outlet for his feelings of distrust toward those who he believed oppressed his people. In many ways McKay’s writing aff ected his life, but in even more ways McKay’s life affected his writing. The writings of Claude McKay were constantly changing throughout his life and caused him to be the most dynamic poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Biography Claude McKay was born in Sunny Ville Jamaica on September 15 in 1880 to Thomas Francis and Ann Elizabeth McKay (Ali 201). McKay grew up in a relatively prosperous family and had British schooling in the predominantly black small town of Sunny Ville. It was in his British schooling that McKay learned about traditional forms of writing such as sonnets. However, McKay learned an alternative education from his father who gave him his strong sense of African pride. Claude McKay’s father told him about his ancestry and Claude McKay’s grandfather’s life as a slave (Masiello 244). From these lessons and his strong black surroundings, McKay received African traditions as well as an â€Å"appreciation for the purity of black hood† (Ali 201). Also from McKay’s agnostic brother, who tutored him, McKay gained his freethinking attitude (â€Å"Claude McKay† 1375). McKay soon gained a distrust of white people when he moved to Kingston, at the age of nineteen. In 1911, upon reaching Kingston, McKay experienced bigotry and racism unlike anything he had encountered in Sunny Ville. McKay got a job as a constable but soon grew tired of it due to his feeling that ... ...nd his people, even if he was poorly received. He did not write for monetary gains, he wrote to inspire and celebrate the grandeur of his people. His style changed black modern poetry. He is a poet, a novelist, an essayist and most of all a revolutionary. He served as the prototype of the poet for the Harlem Renaissance. Work Cited Ali, Schavi Mali. â€Å"Claude McKay.† Afro-American Writers from the Harlem Renaissance to 1940. vol. 52. Ed.:Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale Research Inc, 1987. 201-212. â€Å"Claude McKay.† BLACK LITERATURE CRITISISM, Ed. Draper, James. Detroit: Gale Research Inc, 1992. 1375-1385. Hathaway, Heather. African American Literature. Ed.:Andrews, William. New York: Oxford University, 1997. 489-490. Martin, Tony. African Fundamentalism. Massachusetts: Majority Press, 1991. 8-9, 69-70, 84-87. Masiello, Dianne. â€Å"Claude McKay.† AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991. 244-246. Maxwell, William. â€Å"McKay on If We Must Die." Claude McKay. 1999 http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/mckay/mustdie.htm (10 March 2002). ---. â€Å"McKay Chronology.† Claude McKay. 1999 http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/mckay/mustdie.htm (10 March 2002).

Health Care Communication Technology

Health care communication technology is rapidly advancing. New modes of communication in the health care arena are making it easier for the patient and the physician to communicate in a more effective manner. With the technological advancements that have taken place over the past decade, communication has evolved from handwritten charts to completely paperless electronic communication. Whereas before, correspondence could have taken days or weeks, information can now be transmitted in a matter of seconds.The implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) has allowed patients to be involved in their health care, the system enables physicians to record patient histories, enter orders, display test results, write prescriptions, and print patient instructions and educational materials (Makoul, G. , Curry, R. , & Tang, P. 2001). The electronic medical record is much more efficient to the patient; the patient no longer has to wait until the report is filed in chart to obtain results.It allows the patients information to be securely accessed by the physician and shared with a specialist for consultation. With access to vital information such as diagnosis, allergies, medications, treatments, and other medical information the patient is able to participate and be accountable for their health care needs. In 1996, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) were created to ensure privacy and confidentiality of patient’s medical information.The Administrative Simplification provisions of HIPAA were designed to improve the quality of health care and simplify the management of health information. Because the potential for identity theft is increasing with web-based programs, the importance of maintaining confidentiality is critical. One aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining patient confidentiality when using EMR is trust.Despite concerns regarding breaches of confidentiality and computer systems,  patient feel that if th ey can trust their physician, then they would trust the provider with their medical information, as well as its storage and use in a computer network (Whetten-Goldstein, Nguyen, and Sugarman, 2001). Although there are many different modes of communication between the patient and the physician, such as email, texting, web based forums or electronic medical records all have the same thing in common, that is interaction between the patient and the physician. EMR is unique in that it offers features that lead to increased patient safety.Many of the other forms of communication do not have a continuous safety feature that EMR has. The overall safety of patients through reduced medical mistakes, built in reminders and alerts, the detection of potential drug interactions, it makes errors more difficult for physicians to commit (Spratt, A. D. and Dickson, K. E. 2008). Media and social networking has changed communication in health care. Information is accessed and shared in a matter of seco nds from all over the world. â€Å"The internet providesmarketers and consumers with opportunities for much greater interaction and individualization† (Kotler, Shalowitz, & Stevens, 2008, p. 463). Social networking holds considerable potential value for how patients research their health care issues. If a patient is looking for others with the same medical condition, they can find support and share their findings with anyone around the world. Many organizations are creating Facebook pages to market services they provide, introduce new staff, give news updates, or advertise new products.This type of social networking caters to the younger generation that prefers searching the web over reading an ad in a newspaper or magazine. As technology becomes accessible to most people, printed advertisement will be seen as a nuisance rather than a form of communication. Advancing technologies in health care are increasing, allowing information to be accessed in a matter of seconds. The me dia and social networking that allows organizations to communicate with consumer has become individualized to their needs.Organizations must use these tools to encourage communication by inviting suggestions, questions or even complaints via the website from consumers. Communication in health care has benefited from this technology; it has improved the interaction between the patient and the physician. Communication modes used in health care are reducing the risk of errors and increasing workflow. Electronic medical records offers features that lead to increased patient safety, including fewer medical mistakes, the detection of potential drug interactions, and improved maintenance of chronic conditions.

Consumer Perspective About Quality Service Provided

1. 1 AN introduction overview TO THE BROAD AREA OF TOPIC This research is based on comparison of Quality service offered by pizza hut and dominos. This research is based on to test the quality of service and comparison between two Pizza Houses. The fast food industries of India is experiencing phenomenal growth and is one of the fastest growing sectors in the country, with the compounded annual growth rates of the market crossing 25%. Further, on the back of changing and busy lifestyle, fast emerging middle class population and surging disposable income, the industry will continue to grow at a pace in coming years.It now accounts for roughly half of all restaurant revenues in the developed countries and continues to expand there and in many other industrial countries in the coming years. But some of most rapid growth is occurring in the developing world; where it's radically changing the way people eat. People buy fast food because it's cheap, easy to prepare, and heavily promoted. T his paper aims at providing information about fast food industry, its trend, reason for its emergence and several other factors that are responsible for its growth.This report provides extensive research and rational analysis on the Indian fast food industry and tracks the changing dynamics of the market. It features market performance, key related sectors and competitive landscape of the market. The research study looks into the market condition and future forecasts, and outlines current trends and analysis. It has been made to help clients in analysing the opportunities, challenges and Drivers vital to the growth of fast food industry in India.For the purpose of this report, Fast Food Industry includes fast food restaurants, teahouses, coffee shops and juice bars in India. Consumers will be feeling the impact of the crisis far more over the coming months and will have to adjust their daily habits and attitudes accordingly. There are already clear signs pointing in this direction, which are not necessarily detrimental to food retail. In times of economic crisis, the cocooning effect tends to emerge and this involves consumers focusing increasingly on activities within their own homes.Although only around half of consumers will actually be affected by the crisis, the situation will have a major impact on food retail. The various sectors, industries and retail will all be affected by the economic crisis to varying degrees. There will be losers, but also winners in this downturn. The 6000 corer fast food retail industry is mainly dominated by the multinational players and the key players which are active in the research of the food retailing include Pizza hut and Dominos. Introduction to Pizza HutPizza Hut is one of the flagship brands of Yum! Brands,Inc. , which also has KFC, Taco Bell, A&W and Long John Silver’s under its umbrella. Pizza Hut is the world’s largest pizza chain with over 12,500 restaurants across 91countries. In India, Pizza Hut ha s 137 restaurants across 36 cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune, and Chandigarh amongst other is in the process of opening Pizza Hut restaurants at many more locations to service a larger customer base across the country. Introduction to DominosDomino's vision is focused on â€Å"Exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world! â€Å". Domino's is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of our customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less, and all its strategies are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large & ever growing customer base. Domino’s constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of its customers, thereby bringing out the Wow effect (the feel good factor). Domino's believes strongly in the strategy of ‘Think local and act regional’.Thus, time and again Domino's has been innovating toppings suitable to the taste buds of the local populace and the Indian market has very well accepted these. Domino's Pizza started life as Domi Nick's in 1960 founded by two brothers Tom and James Monaghan from Michigan. Within 8 months, James sold his share in the company to his brother, leaving Tom the sole owner of the pizza outlet. After 38 years as the head and owner of Domino's, co-founder Tom Monaghan decided to hand over the reins to another company, Bain Capital, selling his 93% share of the firm for a whopping $1 billion in 1998.The first UK Domino's Pizza store was opened in 1985, with the first outlet opening its doors in 1991. Domino's Pizza is now the second largest home pizza delivery company in America and has a global presence with 9,000 corporate and franchise outlets operating across 60 different international markets employing 145,000 employees worldwide. Domino’s Pizza India Limited is a Pizza Retail company spread across India across 85 Locations in 22 Cities. Their Sales Model is Take away and deliveries, deliveries accounting for about 70% of their business.Hence their main focus in to acquire and retain and increase the value of their customers. Domino’s Pizza India Limited is a Pizza Retail company spread across India across 85 Locations in 22 Cities. Their Sales Model is Take away and deliveries, deliveries accounting for about 70% of their business. Hence their main focus in to acquire and retain and increase the value of their customers. It holds the complete Customer Information including the transaction history.Grouping the customers based on User Specified Criteria to facilitate campaigns on the selected groups. The Campaign Management module is used for planning, executing and analysing campaigns results. Apart from this, the solution would also provide detailed analysis of Sales trends and customer behaviour over parameters such has time, Hours of day, Customer Segment, Order value, order frequency etc. 1. 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE SP ECIFIC AREA OF TOPIC This Project has been titled â€Å"Comparative study on consumer perspective about quality service offered by PIZZA HUT Vs.DOMINOS† It is been noticed that there is shift of customer from Dominos to Pizza hut and there is increase in number of customer at Pizza hut and also there is drastic change in areas of customer satisfaction, approach and the customer retention which is only because of the quality service that they are getting from the respective outlets. The study would help the hospitality based industries to plan and to build the strong, sound and rigid strategies to make the loyal customer and their satisfaction and retention.The habit of consumer changing from one brand to another brand due to many reason like Quality of service, Price, Accessibility, Value for money and Speed with service. By comparing Number of transaction that happened at Pizza hut and Dominos from 2006 to 2011. This is found that there is decreasing in Pizza hut Transaction by every Year. This topic of study is based on the SOP and the Standard that the company following to win back their customer again and again. Some of these are as follow:- Fact to Pizza Hut * Pizza Huts worldwide sales were approximately $10 billion. * Pizza Hut service more than 1. million pizzas every day to approximately 5 million customers worldwide. * Pizza Hut owns and operates more than half of its restaurant and delivery units making Pizza Hut, Inc. the largest company-owned restaurant chain in the world. * The highest volume Pizza Hut restaurant in the world is in Moscow followed b stores located in France, Hong Kong, Finland and the U. K. * Outside the US the country with the most Pizza Hut units is Australia (405) followed by Canada (354) and the U. K. (326. * Pizza Hut delivery drivers range in age from 18 to 80 miles, and average 50 miles per driver per day to deliver Pizza Hut products.The mode of transportation varies from country to country with motor scooters the most common mode in Western Europe, the U. K. And the Asia Pacific Countries. * Pizza Hut uses 2. 5 percept of all the milk produced in the US every year for cheese. That cheese production requires a herd of 250,000 dairy cows producing at full capacity 365 days a year. * Pizza Hut uses more than 50 million pounds of wheat representing the annual yield from nearly 400,000 acres of wheat. * Pizza Hut uses more than 400 million pounds of tomatoes each year and 50 million pounds of pepperoni. Approximately 50 % of all Pizza Hut units outside the US are full service restaurant. About 35 to 40 % are delivery carry out units, and 10 t0 15 % are express units or slide â€Å"windows†. Vision â€Å"Growth with big heart† Mission â€Å"To become the number one company in every category we operate† Pizza Hut Objectives * Making great pizza * Customer satisfaction * Customer mania * To have strong appetite for learning * To wake up every day in order to think about global m arket. * To provide great service to all customer. * To celebrate the successful of the company. * To put yum on peoples face around the world Interrelated System at DominosThe Point of Sale application is located at the store. The Customer Service Representative (CSR) takes the order in this system. It is a Clipper/FoxPro Bases system in use since Dominos started operations in India. It primarily holds customer information such as Name, Phone Number and Address and Location (Delivery Area/Sector as defined by Dominos) data transfer is One way i. e. from POS – SLX and subsequently in the next phase it would be 2 way. Email System: A POP3 Email System to send out email. Functional Equipment at Dominos * Customer Management * Campaign Planning * Campaign Execution * Post Campaign Analysis Reports and Analysis Customer Management at Dominos Information from the POS in brought in by Batch Data Import and data such as Last order date, Total order value, Order Frequency, Average ti cket value are calculated after batch update is done. This is used to classify the customer based on customer inactivity, order value etc. to run Campaign to get further business from the customer. Response of Management at Dominos The responses for all the above communication channels are captured in the POS and are then imported into the Sales logic system. The responses are recorded as Orders booked against the campaign.Only a delivered order is considered as a response to a campaign. Sales logic however provides the functionality to capture other forms of response and can be used at a later stage as and when the requirement arises. The response is captured in order to perform effective post campaign analysis. Dominos in India Domino’s was incorporated in New Delhi on March 16th1995 as a private company under the name Dominos India Private Ltd. Domino's Pizza India has remained focused on delivering great tasting Pizzas and sides, superior quality, exceptional customer ser vice and value for money offerings. Domino’s PizzaIndia has a network of around 300outlets, in 65 cities, in 22 states and union territories (as on 31st Jan 2010) According to the India Retail Report 2009; it is the largest Pizza chain in India and the fastest growing multinational fast food chain. Vision â€Å"Exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world! † Domino's is committed to bringing fun, happiness and convenience to the lives of our consumers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less ,and its efforts are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large and ever-growing customer base.Today, Domino’s occupies 65% market share in the home delivery segment. Mission â€Å"Exceptional franchisees and team members on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world. † Itimplements this mission statement by following business strategy:- * Puts franchisees and Company-owne d stores at the foundation all thinking and decisions; * Emphasizes ability to select, develop and retain exceptional team members and franchisees; * Provides a strong infrastructure to support stores * Builds excellent store operations to create loyal customers. 1. 3 introductions to the TopicThis study under the head â€Å"Comparative study on Quality service offered by Pizza Hut vs. Dominos† has been undertaken to measure the satisfaction level of customers regarding the products and the services provided by the respective organization. Sources of data collected from Primary data and Secondary data. Sample Size taken 100. Technique of analysis was chi square. The type of study used is Descriptive Study. Sample technique is Convenience Sampling. The topic mainly focuses on the quality of service offered by both the company and the result of which the company got more popular day by day.This Dissertation report provides extensive research and rational analysis on the Indian fast food industry and tracks the changing dynamics of the market and demand. It features market performance, key related sectors and competitive landscape of the market. The research study looks into the market condition and future forecasts, and outlines current trends and analysis. It has been made to help clients in analysing the opportunities, challenges and Drivers vital to the growth of fast food industry in India.For the purpose of this report, Fast Food Industry includes fast food restaurants, teahouses, coffee shops and juice bars in India. Consumers will be feeling the impact of the crisis far more over the coming months and will have to adjust their daily habits and attitudes accordingly. From the study researcher inferred that the customers who are visiting at Dominos are highly satisfied with its products and services than the Pizza Hut. The environment of the store & variety of products at Pizza Hut and Dominos makes difference in mind of visitor.This Out let have a t remendous potential where it can improve its revenue drastically by concentrating on its existing customer base. Thus this project topic is mainly tells about the policy and the standard that the Pizza Hut and Dominos uses to serve the customer daily bases in the Dine In as well as Home Delivery service. This topic will make someone to understand the comparative study of service quality offered by these both company 2. 1-Introduction to literature review and Research Design This research is based on compassion of the quality service offered by Pizza Hut and dominos.This research is based to test the quality of service and comparison between two Pizza outlets jointly, with seeking the factor with the GAP. With this study, we wanted to demonstrate the easiness of use of SERVQUAL instrument in the case of the Quality, showing that the questionnaires can easily be reproduced and adapted to any services organization. Therefore the present model in order to be applied in this kind of orga nization needs future and profound refinements. The research conducted for this Dissertation study is descriptive type. The data collection was done through questionnaire and the secondary Data available.Making right design and the planning for the report is essential for every project reports which will make the reports original, meaningful and the informational. The research design must be simple so that the researcher can complete the report in time with full of information. 2. 2-Literature Review A consumer’s perception of quality levels has long been a focus for marketing literature research. For example, the consumer’s judgement concerning an entity’s overall level of excellence or superiority has been used as a measurement of perceived quality.Objective measures of quality, measured by elements such as the â€Å"conformance to requirements† or â€Å"freedom from deficiencies† have been defined as the basis for quality assessment. However, th ese objective measures are difficult to translate into methods for assessing service (as opposed to product) quality. 2. 2. 1 Customer satisfaction and loyalty studies in service This difficulty led to the development of Seroquel, intended to assess user perceptions of quality in a service environment from the methodological point of view: Respondents fatigue at having to rate all service attributes twice.They also tend to rate most dimensions as being highly important, since they are unable to distinguish between aspects that are very and extremely important Respondents may interpret expectation importance questions in different ways. Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988) â€Å"SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. † Journal of Retailing developed the original 22 item SERVQUAL scale with questions intended to assess five specific dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy).Parasuraman in 1985 i dentify the 10 core components of service quality as reliability (consistent performance and dependability), responsiveness (willingness/readiness to serve), competence (possessing knowledge and skills), access (approachability and ease of contact), courtesy (politeness, consideration and friendliness of staff), communication (updating and listening to customers), credibility (trustworthy and reputable, with customer interests at heart), security (freedom from danger and risk), customer knowledge (Understanding needs and personalized attention), as well as tangibles (facilities and physical features).The SERVQUAL instrument utilizes a â€Å"gap (or difference) [Carman, James M. (1990) â€Å"Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality score†] analysis methodology, wherein the user’s expectations for service quality are assessed at the same time as the user’s perception of the actual system performance. The difference between these two scores (performance minus expec tation) is used as the basis of analysis. At least two studies have found evidence that SERVQUAL represents a one-dimensional model. [Charles W. Lamb. 1991) â€Å"An Evaluation of the SERVQUAL Scales in a Retailing Setting†,] a 1993 study concluded that the performance-only element of SERVQUAL â€Å"performs about as well as SERVQUAL itself†. The authors found that â€Å"Overall, the oncological validity evidence somewhat favours the non-difference score measure to the SERVQUAL measure†. CONCERNS ABOUT SERVQUAL’S UNDERLYING DIMENSIONS One of the aims of this study involves the use of SERVQUAL instrument in order to ascertain any actual or perceived gaps between customer expectations and perceptions of the service offered.Another aim of this is to point out how management of service improvement can become more logical and integrated with respect to the prioritized service quality dimensions and their affections on increasing/decreasing service quality gaps . In the following, after a brief review of the service quality concept, the model of service quality gaps and the SERVQUAL methodology is demonstrated and an example is presented to pinpoint the application of the SERVQUAL approach. Then, after a discussion the value and the quality of the product should be kept safe. This will ensure the quality of the service offered by the out let is up to mark.So that the guest royalty can be maintained and provide the royalty to every guest. 2. 3 statement of the problem This Project has been titled â€Å"Comparative study on consumer perspective about quality service offered by PIZZA HUT Vs. DOMINOS† this is to find out that the quality of service offered by Dominos and the Pizza Hut and why the customers choosing this industry for their food. It is been noticed that there is shift of customer from Pizza Hut to Dominos and there is increase in number of customer at Dominos and also there is drastic change in areas of customer satisfact ion, approach and the customer retention.The study would help the hospitality based industries to plan and to build the strong, sound and rigid strategies to make the loyal customer and their satisfaction and retention. The habit of consumer changing from one brand to another brand due to many reason like Quality of service, Price, Accessibility, Value for money and Speed with service. By comparing Number of transaction that happened at Pizza hut and Dominos from 2006 to 2011. This is found that there is decreasing in Pizza hut Transaction by every Year. 2. 4 scope of the problemThe current study is undertaken for the purpose analysing the quality of service offered by Pizza Hut and Dominos. Details of the operations of the companies that have been providing the quality service to retain their customer. A study covering performance of the business will definitely give a better result with respect to the financial performance of the business and the marketing aspect of the business. If the financial performance of the company is compared with few other reputed firms in the industry will give the clear picture about the position of Pizza Hut and Dominos. This study helps the organizations to increase the customer loyalty and satisfaction. * This study will help to manage the internal environment and the management to make customer happy by providing quality service * This will ensure to maintain the guest culture at the organisation so the company can achieve the loyal customer again and again. * This will help in maintaining the product quality and accuracy on the service offered. * This study gives s cheer information about consumer preferences on different brands of Pizza out let. * This study gives information about consumer awareness on quality of food they serve. The study is useful to know the consumer preference and their reasons to prefer and not to prefer product of this company. * This study is useful to amylase the price position of their choice. * T his study is useful to know the impact of brand advertisement on consumers. This study is useful to know the set is faction level with different attributes of the company 2. 5 objective of the study This study has been undertaken to: * To study about the quality of service that customer gets from Pizza Hut and Dominos and compare the service quality of both the company to find the required solution to lacking. To make the future plan and to decide for the present changes that need to bring in the business to win back the unhappy customer. * To understand how the hospitality company make the customer satisfaction and deliver quality service. * To understand the procedures and techniques involved in marketing aspects of the concern. * To analyse and evaluate the Marketing performance of the business and to ascertain the rate of success * To know the way of segmented its products to know the areas in which the dealers satisfy their customer and the areas that they need to improve. 2. 6 methodology of the studyResearch generally refers to a search for knowledge. It may be defined as the objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem, which consists of systematic collection, recording, analysis, interpretation and reporting of information about various facts of a phenomenon under study. It plays a truly analytical approach to decision-making and helps in the evaluation of the decision that has been taken. The study requires data to be collected from Primary and secondary sources Secondary data would be collected from websites, journals, monthly and annual publications of the cement Organizations, Magazines, and Experts.Data collected would be compiled, classified and tabulated for analysis. Analysis would be done using the statistical tool of comparative techniques. Inferences would be drawn from the analysis, conclusions would be made and suggestions would be given The First Phase of Study * To collect secondary data about the customer feedback a nd view about the quality of service received from the company and * Primary data through the questionnaire. The Second Part is an Analytical Study * To examine the requirement quality service and customer satisfaction in the areas of hospitality. Method of Data CollectedThe method adopted for the study is collecting data. The data there are two ways. * Primary data * Secondary data Primary Data Primary data is the data collected by the researcher of the specific study. The study entitled â€Å"Quality of service offered by Pizza hut Vs. Dominos† with special reference quality food. To get an accurate detail separate structured Questionnaires were designed for customers. Discussions were held with customers. The study is of more than 100 customers at different areas in Bangalore * Through questionnaire Secondary Data Secondary data can be defined on the data collected by someone else for the purpose of study.It is based on second hand information. The data collected with comp anies past record, Journals, Broachers and from the library. * Websites * Newspapers * Journals, Magazines, Annual publications of Banks * Books , Internet Sample Size For the need of the study the customer survey was conducted. The sample size for the customers was 100. About Questionnaire The Questionnaire is the most common instrument used in collecting primary data for the study conducted. Questionnaire is one for the consumer was used. These types of questions included in the Questionnaire are: * Multiple Choice Questions, Rating, Ranking and Open-end questions. . 7 Need of the study * To know about the service quality at hospitality industry and to provide the required suggestion. * To know how the hospitality industry can make the customer happy by the quality of service offered by them. * To know the hindrance and the other rules regulation or objection this stops hospitality industry to deliver 100% quality service. * To know the impact of hospitality industry to the Indian economy. * To know about the factor that affects the business of retail food chain and fast food chain and to prevent company from crisis situation. This will help to know the customer and their attitude towards different brands this will help to project the sale for future and to arrange the right product that they need from the out let. * This study will also help Both Pizza hut and Dominos to build the effective business strategy in the market to maximise their revenue. 2. 8 limitation of the study * The study is conducted of academic nature and the time period given was 4 to 6 week to finish the reports. * The information collected for the analysis would be from Newspapers, Journals, Magazines, internet, CSL and other related books. The information provided by the personnel may be biased or inaccurate in case of secondary as well as primary data. * The analysis is based on only the data collected which are secondary and primary data through questionnaire. * Assumption has been made while deriving the various figures in the calculations of data collected. * The company personnel could not spare time due to busy schedule and hence the project proceeded at a very slow pace. * Not much information was revealed by the company, as the executive personnel wanted to keep certain information confidential.Only monetary aspect as projected by the financial statement have been taken into 2. 9 chapter scheme The present study is classified into five chapters 2. 9. 1- The introductory chapter presents the introduction to the company, growth of the company in India and their internal operation to provide the quality service. 2. 9. 2- The second chapter discusses the review of literature, statement of problem, objectives of study, methodology, Scope of study, Need of the study and Limitation of the study. 2. 9. 3- The third chapter presents the company profile and product profiles and the customer profile 2. . 4- The fourth chapter we have all the results, analysis and d iscussions. 2. 9. 5- The fifth chapter consists of major findings, suggestions, conclusions and policy implication and scope for further study. 3. 1 pizza hut profile The legacy of Pizza Hut began in 1958, when two college students from Wichita, Kansas, Frank and Dan Carney, were approached by a family friend with the idea of opening a Pizza parlour. Although the concept was relatively new to many Americans at that time, the brothers quickly saw the potential of this new enterprise. Over the past four decades the Pizza Hut as built a reputation for excellence that has earned the respect of consumers and industry experts alike. Pizza Hut’s products have been voted Number One in countless consumer surveys nationwide. Pizza Hut, a division of Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. , has more than 7,200 units in the U. S. and 3,000 units in more than 86 other countries. Pizza Hut is owned by Pepsi Internationals who also owns Taco bell and KFC. Pizza Hut is commitment to quality, dedica tion to service and value & the qualities of entrepreneurship, growth and leadership, which have characterized its business through nearly four decades of success.Tricon is the parent company to two other segment leaders, Taco Bell and KFC. When combined with Pizza Hut, these organizations make up the world's largest restaurant group, with almost twice as many units as McDonald's. When it comes to leadership Pizza Hut has a proactive approach to product development and marketing. The five major products, Pan Pizza, Thin ‘N Crispy pizza, Hand-Tossed style pizza, Stuffed Crust Pizza and The Big New Yorker Pizza are loved by millions around the world and have become the standard by which all others are judged. A Glance look at Pizza hut OutletTarget Market The target market belongs to upper – upper and upper middle class who has a definite taste for foreign foodstuff. Out of 140 million people, we are only targeting 20% of the population. Right now they are targeting marke t, which is 1% of the total urban population. Anybody whose household income is over Rs 100,000 is in the â€Å"A† category, Rs. 50,000 is â€Å"B† and â€Å"C† is Rs. 50,000. They are right now catering to â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† market and they have not touched the entire market. They are also targeting kids, teenagers and students ; are also trying to increase their customer base.Growth of the Organisation Pizza hut entered in India in 1996, and opened its first restaurants in Bangalore. Since then it has captured a dominant and significant share of the Pizza market and has maintained an impressive growth rate of over 40 % per annum. Pizza Hut now has 350 outlets across 50 cities in India. And employed nearly 17000 people by end of 2007. Yum ! Has invested about US$25 million in India so far this is over and above investments made by franchisees. YUM ! Brands Owns Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell ,A;W and Long john silver Restaurants w orldwide.Yum ! Generated more than US$ 25. 9 billion in worldwide sales in the year 2003, and has more than 33000 restaurants in over 100 countries. History of Pizza Hut Pizza Hut Year after Year| 1958| The first Pizza Hut restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas, started by two college-aged brothers who borrowed $600 from their mother. | 1959| Pizza Hut is incorporated in Kansas and the first franchise unit opens in Topeka, Kansas. | 1965| â€Å"Putt-Putt to Pizza Hut† musical jingle developed for Pizza Hut's first television commercial. 1967| World's largest pizza (six feet in diameter) is baked and served at the grand opening of a Fort Worth, Texas Pizza Hut restaurant. | 1968| International market entered with opening of Pizza Hut restaurant in Canada. | 1969| Red roof adopted for restaurants. | 1970| Sandwiches added to basic menu of Thin ‘N Crispy pizza, salad, beer and soft drinks. | 1971| Pizza Hut becomes the number one pizza restaurant chain in the world in both sa les and number of restaurants. | 1972| Pizza Hut, Inc. listed on New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PIZ| 1973| Pizza Hut restaurants open in Japan and England. 1975| Thick'n Chewy pizza introduced. | 1976| The 100th international Pizza Hut restaurant is opened in Australia, while entire system reaches 2,000. | 1984| There are more pizza locations than hamburger restaurants in US. | 1984| Pizzerias account for 9. 9% of all restaurants in the U. S. | 1986| Delivery service, as a new concept, is initiated. | 1988| Hand-Tossed Traditional Pizza is introduced throughout the system. | 1989| The Pizza Hut Jobs Plus program expands nationwide to employ more than 10,000 individuals with physical and developmental disabilities.The Jobs Plus program is recognized as the largest corporate initiative of its kind in the food service industry. | 1990| Pizza Hut delivers more than 1,340,000 pizzas on Super Bowl Sunday. | 1992| Pizza Hut provides 120,000 free meals to relief volunteers and tho se who lost their homes. | 1993| Pizza Hut introduces BIGFOOT Pizza — two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. | 1995| Two Customer Satisfaction programs initiated: a 1-800 Customer Satisfaction Hotline and a Customer Call-Back Program, which takes the pulse of 50,000 customers per week. 1995| The Deliver Me Homeâ„ ¢ program is created by Pizza Hut and the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children and is tested at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to inform the community of an important identification tool in helping to locate, identify and return missing children to their families. | 1995| Pizza Hut wins the 1995 â€Å"Choice of Chains† award for Best Pizza Chain sponsored annually by Restaurants & Institutions magazine, making Pizza Hut the â€Å"Best Pizza Chain† ten of the last eleven years. | 1997| PepsiCo announces restaurant spin-off. 1998| Pizza Hut celebrates 40 years of making and serving great pizza. | Pizza Hut Consumer Prof ile DEMOGRAPHICSThe age group of our customers is family oriented i. e. , the parlor offers a variety that to the needs of the family as a whole. | INCOMEThe income bracket includes Rs. 50,000 per month and above. | OCCUPATIONProfessionals, Executives, House Wives, studying individuals. | PSYCHOGRAPHCS| ACTIVITIESActively participate in social welfare causes, business matters, and members of socially elite clubs, annual family vacations. LIFE STYLEEncouraging eating habits towards foreign foodstuff, for instance, likely to use cake mixes, imported cheese. | MEDIA HABITSRegular readers of Newspapers and Magazines. | PERSONALITYQuality food conscious, outgoing and healthy eating habits health conscious people. | Pizza hut marketing mix Product Pizza Hut offers aims in providing 100% customer satisfaction by excellence in the product, service, equipment and hospitality they offer the products quality and taste remains standard of excellence all over the world.It has maintained its qual ity by importing the main ingredients and keeping the recipes the same exclusively, for the South Asia regions it test launched spicy flavoured Chicken Tikka. Followed by a Seek Kebab Pizza. Which gained and remained so popular that they were included in the regular menu? To make a check of its service and customers satisfaction, they issue a comment card to make sure they come up to their customer’s satisfaction. Price They are serving various variety of Pizzas, there menu card along with their respective prices have been placed at the appendix section. PromotionPizza Hut runs more or less the same type of promotion and advertising campaigns in Pakistan as it does internationally, with the exception of electronic media. It uses advertising tools such as newspapers, magazines to create awareness and to get its message through its required target market. Recently they are doing joint promotion with Milo and Pepsi in connection with World Cup Cricket 1999. Pizza Hut promotion b udget remains the same worldwide except for a few countries i. e. it allocates 50% of its promotion budget on national advertising and 50% of the budget to regional advertising.With regard to promotion, they have launched kid Club for children under 12 year of age. Every Tuesday is kids night for members where they get 50% discount on their order. They are trying to start a program called book it, to promote reading habits among kids. Any child who reads a book and get it signs by his teacher that he has read it get a free Pizza. Pizza Hut has adapted to promotional and advertising techniques regarding the local market. It uses Newspaper and Magazines according to their availability and effectiveness with regard to their respective target market. PlaceBANGALORE:-At present there are 50 functioning units of Pizza Hut in BANGALORE, few of them are ITPL| Takeaway, Dine-in seating capacity of 200| Airport Road| Takeaway, Dine-in seating capacity of 250| PCP| Takeaway, dine-in seating ca pacity of 120| FORUM MALL| Take away with dine-in seating capacity of 50. | C hally| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 150| jayanagar| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120| Kormangla| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 200| Shanti Nagar| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 150| Signature Mall| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 150| BSK| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120|BSK-2| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120| V Mall| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120| M Mall| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 150| Vijay Nagar| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 150| Ramaya| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120| CMH Road| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 110| Kanak Pura| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 120| Brigade Road| Takeaway, dine-in seating capacity of 110| Product Profile of Pizza Hut Pizza hut serves the quality and variety of food product of many flavours, this product can be classified as follow:- * Pizzas (Veg ; Non veg) * Beverages Appetizer ( Hot ; Cold) * Main course ( Pizzas) * Deserts * Tea * Pastas Beverages Appetizer Pizzas 3. 2 dominos profile Privately held Domino's, Inc. is the number two pizza chain in the world, trailing only the Pizza Hut division of YUM! Brands, Inc. The company operates a network of more than 7,300 company-owned and franchised stores in all 50 U. S. states and more than 50 other countries. Nearly 90 % of Domino's more than 4,800 U. S. outlets are franchise stores. Including the employees of franchisees, there are about 145,000 Domino's workers around the world, and global system wide sales in 2002 totals $3. 6 billion. Domino's was built on simple concepts, offering just delivery or carry-out and an extremely limited menu: for more than 30 years, the company offered only two sizes of pizza, 11 topping choices, and–until 1990–only one beverage, cola. In recent years the company has added salads, breadsticks, and other non-pizza items to its menu in an effor t to stave off rivals Pizza Hut, Papa John's International, Inc. , and Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. , but has otherwise held fast to its focus on the basics of providing quality pizza and service.The driving force behind Domino's for most of its history was founder Tom Monaghan, who late in 1998 sold control of the company to Bain Capital, Inc. , a Boston-based private equity investment firm. Monaghan, however, retained a 27 % voting stake. Originating in the 1960s Monaghan was born in 1937 near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Following his father's death in 1941, Monaghan lived in a succession of foster homes, including a Catholic orphanage, for much of his childhood. His mother, after finishing nursing school and buying a house, made two attempts to have Tom and his brother live at home with her, but she and Tom failed to get along.During these years Monaghan worked a lot of jobs, many of them on farms. His father's aunt took him in during his senior year of high school, but after that he was once again on his own. A quote from Monaghan in his high school yearbook read: â€Å"The harder I try to be good the worse I get; but I may do something sensational yet. † For several years Monaghan worked to try to save money for college; he joined the Marines and saved $2,000, but gave it in several instalments to a fly-by-night â€Å"oil man† he met hitchhiking, who took the money and ran. Monaghan returned to Ann Arbor to ive with his brother Jim, who worked for the Post Office and did occasional carpentry work at a pizza shop called Domi Nick's. When Jim Monaghan overheard the pizza shop owner discussing a possible sale, he mentioned buying it as a possibility to Tom. With the aid of a $900 loan from the Post Office credit union, in December 1960 Jim and Tom Monaghan were in business in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Within eight months, Jim Monaghan took a beat-up Volkswagen Beetle as a trade for his half of the partnership. Tom moved in across the street from his sho p. The store Monaghan bought had little room for sit-down dining; from the start, delivery was key.The first drivers, laid-off factory workers, agreed to work on commission. After only $99 in sales the first week, profits climbed steadily to $750 a week. Early on, Monaghan made decisions that streamlined work and greatly enhanced profits: on two separate occasions he dropped six-inch pizzas and submarine sandwiches from his menu when he was shorthanded at his shop, reasoning that he and his staff could handle the rush better without making special-sized pizzas or sandwiches in addition to regular pizzas. When he went over the numbers the day after, both times Monaghan found that his volume and profits had increased.Keeping the menu simple made financial sense. Although his salary rose to $20,000 a year, Monaghan was not satisfied. On the advice of Jim Gilmore, a local chef with some restaurant experience, Monaghan opened a Pizza King store offering free delivery in Mt. Pleasant, nea r the Central Michigan University campus. Gilmore ran the original DomiNick's as a full partner with Monaghan. By early 1962, although the Ypsilanti store was not doing well, Gilmore persuaded Monaghan to open a Pizza King at a new Ann Arbor location, which Gilmore would oversee while Monaghan whipped the original DomiNick's back into shape.Gilmore convinced Monaghan to continue expanding in a financially dangerous way: because Gilmore had been bankrupt when the partnership began, all papers were in Monaghan's name. By 1964, when Gilmore became ill, he made his differences clear: he liked sit-down stores while Monaghan ran delivery. He asked for $35,000 for his share in the pizzerias. Although Monaghan considered the price preposterous, he did want to separate from Gilmore. He hired lawyer Larry Sperling, who worked out a deal whereby Monaghan would pay Gilmore $20,000.Gilmore would keep two restaurants in Ann Arbor; Monaghan, two pizzerias in Ypsilanti and one in Ann Arbor. Althoug h their partnership was dissolved, Monaghan was still dependent on Gilmore's success in business. In February 1966 Monaghan bought one more shop from Gilmore, but later that year Gilmore filed for bankruptcy, with a total debt of $75,000, in Monaghan's name. Monaghan managed to sell Gilmore's restaurant, leaving him immediately responsible for only $20,000, with the new owner of Gilmore's to pay off related debts on a month-by-month basis.As Monaghan's operations grew, the original owner of DomiNick's decided to maintain rights to the name. Under deadline for a Yellow Pages ad, driver Jim Kennedy came up with the name Domino's Pizza. The new company incorporated in 1965. Free from the Gilmore-related debts, Monaghan was ready to begin franchising. The first board of directors included Tom, his wife and bookkeeper, Margie, and Larry Sperling. Sperling drafted a franchise agreement in which Domino's would keep 2. 5 % as royalties from sales, 2 % to cover advertising, and 1 % for bookk eeping.As Monaghan stated in his autobiography Pizza Tiger: â€Å"By today's standards, the royalties were far too favourable to the franchisee. But it served our purpose then, and I was not concerned about covering all future contingencies. † The first franchisee, Chuck Gary, was a man visible in local and state politics; he took over an original store on the east side of Ypsilanti. While Sperling and Monaghan hammered out financial matters–the former wanted to control costs, the latter to build sales–Domino's Pizza slowly gathered a base of corporate staff.The second franchisee, Dean Jenkins, was handpicked by Monaghan to take over the first store to be built from the ground up. By July 1967, when Jenkins's store was up and running, Domino's Pizza moved to East Lansing, home of Michigan State University. Its dormitory population, at approximately 20,000, was the largest in the nation. Dave Kilby, originally hired to do some radio copywriting for Domino's, late r bought into a franchise, then began working at company headquarters, located above the Cross Street shop in Ypsilanti. Kilby then worked on franchisee expansion with Monaghan.In February 1968 a fire swept through Monaghan's original pizza store. Advertising manager Bob Cotman escaped the building just in time, climbing down a fireman's ladder. Although the pizza shop reopened within two days, headquarters was wiped out and Domino's first commissary, with $40,000 of stored goods, was destroyed. The staff pulled together, with each existing store location responsible for producing one pizza item–cheese, dough, chopped toppings–which drivers then ferried from one store to the next to keep operations running.The biggest challenge for Monaghan was not simply covering the total fire losses of $150,000 (only $13,000 paid for by insurance), but also paying the leases on five new franchises and finding store operators as soon as possible. While Tom worked on his task, Margie Monaghan brought in Mike Paul, her contact at the Ypsilanti bank, who soon joined Domino's to run the commissary. Paul fired half of the staff and cleaned up operations; he introduced caps, aprons, and periodic spot checks for employee neatness. Monaghan learned a lot in the early years of Domino's, due in part to road trips he took to research business and learn from competitors.When observing the competition did not result in better methods, Monaghan innovated. Looking for equipment ideas at a Chicago convention, he found a meat-grinder that he used to chop cheese as well as mix consistent pizza dough in less than a minute, in contrast to standard mixers, which took eight to ten minutes to mix dough. Dough, once mixed, was stored on oiled pans; although covered by towels, the outside edges of the dough hardened. Monaghan discovered an airtight fiberglass container that stored dough very well, and his practice later became a standard in the industry.Monaghan also was dissatisfied w ith standard pizza boxes: they were too flimsy to stack, and heat and steam from the pizza weakened them. Monaghan prodded his salesman to work with the supplier and devise a corrugated box with air holes, which also became an industry standard. Franchising in the 1970s Plans began in earnest for Midwest expansion as Domino's jumped on the 1960s franchise bandwagon. Although Monaghan had worked on his plan to expand on college campuses, opening a new store a week in late 1968 proved to be the beginning of a nightmare.Monaghan opened 32 stores in 1969 and was hailed as Ypsilanti's boy wonder. Spurred by McDonald's great success going public in 1965, Monaghan planned to do the same. With the aid of loans, he bought a fleet of 85 new delivery cars, and spruced up his personal image; he also hired an accounting firm to computerize the company's bookkeeping. When moving information from paper to computer, Domino's lost all its records Perhaps as a result, the company underpaid the Intern al Revenue Service by $36,000. Monaghan was forced to sell his stock for the first time to raise the money to pay the IRS.Monaghan tried to do too much, too fast. Ohio stores opened before Domino's reputation had spread that far and sales were poor. This was only the beginning of the downturn: on May 1, 1970, Monaghan lost control of Domino's. Dan Quirk, who had bought Monaghan's stock, recommended that he contact Ken Heavlin, a local man known for turning businesses around. Heavlin, in exchange for Monaghan's remaining stock, would run the company, get loans to cover IRS debts, and after two years keeps a controlling 51 % interest in the company, with Monaghan getting 49 %.In the meantime, Domino's became the target of lawsuits from various franchisees, creditors, and the law firm Cross, Wrack. In March 1971 Heavlin ended his agreement with Monaghan, who shortly went to speak with each franchisee, persuading them that Domino's would survive the crisis and they would all fare better working with him rather than against him. Their lawsuit was dropped. Monaghan pushed on, and Domino's was back in business, however tight its financial strings. One man instrumental in the growth of the early 1970s was Richard Mueller.Originally from Ohio, Mueller bought a franchise in Ann Arbor in 1970, during Domino's lowest period. After Mueller ran this store for a year, Monaghan sent him to Columbus to revive an ailing store; within three months, sales shot up from $600 to $7,000 a week. Mueller soon operated ten Domino's franchises and incorporated as Ohio Pizza Enterprises, Inc. Within six-and-a-half years Mueller opened 50 stores. As Domino's grew, Mueller went on to become vice-president of operations in 1978. Quick to rebuild Domino's, Monaghan encouraged trusted employees and friends to expand.Steve Litwhiler opened five stores in Vermont, while Dave Kilby, who had relocated during the Domino's slump, managed to build a strong base in Florida. A significant hire by Kilby was Dave Black, a top-selling manager who later rose to become president and COO of Domino's Pizza. The year 1973 was a turning point for Domino's. The company introduced its first delivery guarantee, â€Å"a half hour or a half dollar off,† as stated in the company newsletter the Pepperoni Press. The College of Pizzarology was founded to train potential franchisees.The company decentralized as well: accounting was moved from Ypsilanti headquarters to local accountants, while the commissary was reorganized as a separate company. Domino's introduced its corporate logo, a red domino flush against two blue rectangles, in 1975. The company was sued the same year by Amstar Corporation, parent company of Domino Sugar, for the right to use the name. After a five-year battle, Domino's won, but not until after more than 30 new stores were opened under the interim name Pizza Dispatch. Free to expand, Domino's planned to grow by 50 percent each year.By the late 1970s, several acquisiti ons contributed significantly to company growth. Domino's merged with PizzaCo Inc. , in 1978, gaining 23 open stores plus a handful more under lease. The merger with this Boulder-based company allowed Domino's to move into Kansas, Arizona, and Nebraska. The following year, joining with Dick Mueller's Ohio Pizza Enterprises, Inc. , Domino's added 50 stores in Ohio and Texas, for a total of 287 stores. The company ended 1979 by announcing plans to expand internationally. The new non-U. S. store subsequently opened in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1983.Rapid Growth in the 1980s The 1980s was a decade of phenomenal growth for Domino's Pizza, but this time the company was prepared. Although Monaghan had always feared that formal budgeting systems promoted bureaucracy, with the advice of Doug Dawson, Monaghan decided to design companywide budgeting procedures, which Domino's continued to use as training tools for potential franchisees. Dawson implemented the new accounting methods and moved on to become vice-president of marketing and corporate treasurer. Instrumental in Domino's surge was John McDevitt, a financial consultant Monaghan met in 1977.Among other accomplishments, he created and became president of TSM Leasing, Inc. , a financial services company that loaned money to franchisees who could not find other start-up financing. To Monaghan, operations was the backbone of the business. When Dick Mueller left the post of vice-president of operations in 1981 to work as a franchiser once again, Monaghan decided to regionalize Domino's operations. Mueller's previous job entailed far too much travel, and changes were necessary. Monaghan set up six geographic regions, with a director fully responsible for each territory.The regional system, as Monaghan stated in Pizza Tiger, â€Å"gave us the long communication lines with tight controls at the working ends that we needed for rapid but well-orchestrated growth. † At the executive level, Bob Cotman took over as senior v ice-president of operations, including marketing. Dave Black advanced from field consultant and regional director to vice-president of operations. Both men (like Dick Mueller and Monaghan himself) had climbed every step of the Domino's ladder, after beginning as delivery driver and pizza maker.In 1981 Black carried Monaghan's favoured â€Å"defensive management† strategy–whereby each store concentrated on keeping the customers it had–to a new level, by moving the company's focus away from its top-performing stores to its weakest ones. Bringing the lower performers up worked extremely well. As the company added an average of nearly 500 stores each year through the decade, newer, weaker stores were constantly given attention to improve sales. One other element vital to Domino's 1980s growth spurt was choosing Don Vlcek, formerly in the meat business, to head the eight commissary operations.Vlcek focused on uncovering best practices and disseminating them throughou t the organization. When he discovered that one commissary saved on laundry bills by rinsing out the towels used to dry trays, making them last a week before cleaning was necessary, Vlcek made all other commissaries do the same. When he found that another commissary's manager was buying from a local cheese distributor instead of a less expensive national one, the manager reworked his purchasing policies. Fleck moved sauce-mixing from the commissaries to the company's tomato-packing plant, which resulted in highly consistent, quality pizza sauce.Once Vlcek had taken care of the basics, in one eight-month period he opened a new commissary a month, all with state-of-the-art equipment. All the support Monaghan received gave him time to fulfil boyhood dreams on a dramatic scale. In 1983 he bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which went on to win the World Series in 1984. He followed with the establishment in 1984 of Domino's Farms in Ann Arbor, a $120 million corporate headquarters modelled after architect Frank Lloyd Wright's Golden Beacon tower. Wright advocated the integration of a high-rise building in a rural setting, rather than an urban one.Monaghan also set up a working farm adjacent to the tower. In 1985, Advertising Age placed Domino's â€Å"among the fastest-growing money makers in the restaurant industry. † The company had to keep pace not only with its own growth but also with that of its competition, including the industry leader, Pizza Hut, which had more than 4,000 units to Domino's 2,300. Domino's stepped up advertising, increasing media spending 249 percent over the previous year. Pizza Hut entered the delivery business in 1986, posing a huge threat to Monaghan's empire. Domino's system wide sales reached $1. 44 billion by 1987.The company had grown to 3,605 units, spreading to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Japan. While 33 per cent of U. S. stores were company-run, international units were franchised, usually to one operator who could opt to sub franchise. The international marketing challenge was to convince buyers of the need for delivery. Back in the United States, Domino's imitated McDonald's Corporation by tailoring an ad campaign to attract the Hispanic market. Competition in the late 1980s got so tough that Monaghan was quoted in Advertising Age as saying, â€Å"I want people here in the company to think of it as a war. Unfortunately, with wars come casualties. By 1989 more than 20 deaths had occurred involving Domino's drivers, calling the company's 30-minute delivery guarantee into question. A Pittsburgh-based attorney representing a couple whose car was broadsided by a driver subpoenaed Domino's for its records. Citizen's groups, major news networks, and the National Safe Work Place Institute joined in the heated criticism. Domino's responded with a national ad campaign and with various tactics at the franchise level. One franchisee hired an off-duty police officer to track h is drivers to ensure that they obeyed the law.Domino's opened its 5,000th store by January 1989, moving into Puerto Rico, Mexico, Guam, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Spain. U. S. sales hit $2 billion. Monaghan named Dave Black as president and chief operating officer, announcing his own intentions to spend more time on community work. In May Domino's introduced pan pizza, its first new product in 28 years. This news was hardly as big, however, as Monaghan's October announcement of his intent to sell the company. After a buyout attempt in the form of an employee stock ownership plan failed, Monaghan went shopping for buyers.By April 1990 Domino's cut its public relations and international marketing departments and continued cutting executive and corporate support staff as part of a companywide effort to improve profitability. Payroll that year decreased by $24 million. Kevin Williams, who made his name as a regional director, replaced Mike Orcus as vice-president of ope rations. At the store level, Domino's opened fewer than 300 units in both 1989 and 1990. Another Comeback in the 1990s With Domino's sales slipping, and rivals Pizza Hut and Little Caesar's gaining market share, Monaghan returned to Domino's in March 1991 to pull his company back on track.By December he had fired David Black, along with other top executives. Former franchisee Phil Bressler became vice-president of operations. Domino's closed 155 stores, cut regional offices from 16 to nine, and unloaded extravagances such as corporate planes, a three-misted ship, a travel agency, a lavish Ann Arbour Christmas display, and various sports sponsorships. Monaghan made some personal sacrifices, too, leaving his post on the boards of directors of 16 Catholic colleges and organizations. Domino's 1991 system wide revenues remained flat at $2. billion, and the company posted a loss of $67 million. Adding three new senior executives, the company geared up to battle Pizza Hut, which had aired an ad showing unkempt Domino's drivers buying Pizza Hut products. Domino's moved its advertising accounts to New York's Grey Advertising, Inc. , from the local ad agency Group 243. While Monaghan was away, PepsiCo’s Pizza Hut had converted half of its 7,000 units for home delivery. Under fire, Monaghan insisted on maintaining Domino's original concept of a simple menu that speeds order preparation, allowing the company to uphold its 30-minute guarantee.In an effort to be flexible–and to compete with Pizza Hut's pan pizza–Domino's offered a new pizza with more cheese and an increased number of toppings. Taking another tip from its rival, Domino's worked on developing a single U. S. phone order number for Domino's customers and a new computer system to track sales, costs, and trends. The company closed the Columbus and Minneapolis offices, with corporate headquarters in Ann Arbour assuming their duties. The overall goal was to decrease debt. Monaghan considered ma king a public stock offering again in 1992, but too few buyers were forthcoming.The company also worked to lessen the number of company-owned stores. In November 1992 Monaghan shook up his upper ranks by replacing his long-time adviser and vice-president of finance, John McDevitt, with Tim Carr, another financial executive at Domino's, and hiring Larry Sheehan, a former executive vice-president of Little Caesar's, as vice-president of marketing and product development. Sheehan immediately put his stamp on the turnaround effort, convincing Monaghan to experiment with new strategies and products, including salads, thin-crust pizza, and submarine sandwiches. Tom Monaghan is now very open about the pizza business,† he said. â€Å"He believes we need to take a different approach to this business and be willing to change. † The changes seemed to work. Earnings for 1993 picked up, after dropping significantly the two previous years. In yet another change, Domino's dropped its famous 30-minutes-or-less pledge after a jury awarded a $78 million settlement to a woman who had been hit by a Domino's delivery driver in 1989. Monaghan stated that â€Å"with our success in home delivery has come a negative public perception that we are not committed to safety. The 30-minute guarantee was replaced with a more general customer satisfaction guarantee. In January 1994 Larry Sheehan left Domino's, after a dispute with Monaghan over the size of his year-end bonus. Although his departure was widely considered a loss to the company, his changes had taken hold, and Domino's system wide sales crept upward, to $2. 5 billion in 1995. Shortly thereafter Domino's celebrated the opening of its 1,000th international store, in a suburb of Perth, Australia.With a stated goal of having more international than domestic stores, Domino's opened stores in Ecuador, Peru, and Egypt in 1995, and planned to have 3,000 international stores by the year 2,000. By 1996 foreign sales stood at $503 million, and in 1997 Domino's entered its 50th international market. In the meantime, the menu in the U. S. stores expanded yet again, with the introduction of Buffalo wings in 1994 and through a limited-time-only promotion of flavoured-crust pizzas during 1996.Sheehan was succeeded as vice-president of marketing and product development by Cheryl Bach elder, a seasoned executive with experience at Planters, Gillette, and Procter & Gamble who brought focus to Domino's efforts. â€Å"We're not trying to be fun and wacky and do delivery and carry-out all at the same time,† she said. â€Å"We're trying to excel single-mindedly on the basics of this business. † In March 1997 Domino's announced its previous year results, which dispelled any doubts that the company was back on track. Earnings were a record $50. 6 million on system wide sales of $2. billion. â€Å"We believe the return to focusing on our core business–pizza delivery–coupled with great new products and